Means Test Census Income - Effective 04/01/2019
- with change from 05/01/2018 (11 months)
| Median Income 04/01/2019 | Change in Income from 05/01/2018 |
|---|
| State | 1 Person | 2 People | 3 People | 4 People | 5 People | 6 People | 1 Person | 2 People | 3 People | 4 People | 5 People | 6 People |
|---|
| Alabama | $47,657 | $57,109 | $63,940 | $78,456 | $87,456 | $96,456 | +1,257 3% | +2,770 5% | +1,907 3% | +859 1% | +1,459 2% | +2,059 2% |
| Alaska | $63,042 | $82,440 | $83,416 | $99,846 | $108,846 | $117,846 | -482 -1% | -5,305 -6% | -4,329 -5% | -5,345 -5% | -4,745 -4% | -4,145 -3% |
| Arizona | $52,334 | $65,254 | $70,976 | $80,956 | $89,956 | $98,956 | +3,965 8% | +3,199 5% | +7,642 12% | +5,056 7% | +5,656 7% | +6,256 7% |
| Arkansas | $43,585 | $53,906 | $60,370 | $68,341 | $77,341 | $86,341 | +1,544 4% | +2,234 4% | +1,721 3% | -2,953 -4% | -2,353 -3% | -1,753 -2% |
| California | $57,962 | $77,167 | $84,003 | $96,813 | $105,813 | $114,813 | +3,175 6% | +4,005 5% | +4,942 6% | +5,464 6% | +6,064 6% | +6,664 6% |
| Colorado | $62,495 | $79,661 | $87,325 | $104,730 | $113,730 | $122,730 | +4,589 8% | +3,773 5% | +2,373 3% | +8,245 9% | +8,845 8% | +9,445 8% |
| Connecticut | $65,117 | $83,597 | $100,836 | $116,897 | $125,897 | $134,897 | +965 2% | -408 0% | +2,170 2% | -2,947 -2% | -2,347 -2% | -1,747 -1% |
| Delaware | $57,465 | $71,409 | $83,531 | $99,922 | $108,922 | $117,922 | +4,565 9% | +5,202 8% | +4,538 6% | +7,094 8% | +7,694 8% | +8,294 8% |
| District of Columbia | $65,895 | $113,283 | $113,283 | $132,289 | $141,289 | $150,289 | +9,386 17% | +3,904 4% | +3,904 4% | +22,910 21% | +23,510 20% | +24,110 19% |
| Florida | $49,172 | $60,400 | $66,872 | $78,833 | $87,833 | $96,833 | +2,495 5% | +2,432 4% | +3,960 6% | +4,321 6% | +4,921 6% | +5,521 6% |
| Georgia | $47,953 | $63,303 | $72,594 | $82,476 | $91,476 | $100,476 | +1,849 4% | +3,697 6% | +5,290 8% | +2,438 3% | +3,038 3% | +3,638 4% |
| Hawaii | $69,962 | $79,403 | $95,292 | $104,619 | $113,619 | $122,619 | +5,480 8% | +4,984 7% | +4,696 5% | +4,685 5% | +5,285 5% | +5,885 5% |
| Idaho | $49,856 | $61,092 | $66,187 | $74,149 | $83,149 | $92,149 | -286 -1% | +1,873 3% | -84 0% | +310 0% | +910 1% | +1,510 2% |
| Illinois | $54,238 | $71,578 | $83,182 | $98,603 | $107,603 | $116,603 | +1,828 3% | +2,891 4% | +2,949 4% | +2,118 2% | +2,718 3% | +3,318 3% |
| Indiana | $49,421 | $61,929 | $72,826 | $87,453 | $96,453 | $105,453 | +1,622 3% | +1,272 2% | +2,116 3% | +6,468 8% | +7,068 8% | +7,668 8% |
| Iowa | $50,819 | $68,396 | $77,604 | $94,385 | $103,385 | $112,385 | +614 1% | +2,807 4% | +1,113 1% | +1,440 2% | +2,040 2% | +2,640 2% |
| Kansas | $50,416 | $66,443 | $75,902 | $85,144 | $94,144 | $103,144 | -271 -1% | +1,331 2% | +2,142 3% | -363 0% | +237 0% | +837 1% |
| Kentucky | $45,640 | $54,835 | $66,154 | $78,951 | $87,951 | $96,951 | +1,920 4% | +1,521 3% | +3,458 6% | +1,928 3% | +2,528 3% | +3,128 3% |
| Louisiana | $45,045 | $54,047 | $64,002 | $78,489 | $87,489 | $96,489 | +1,802 4% | +2,234 4% | +3,993 7% | +628 1% | +1,228 1% | +1,828 2% |
| Maine | $52,939 | $65,800 | $82,520 | $96,516 | $105,516 | $114,516 | +2,073 4% | +4,327 7% | +3,832 5% | +3,389 4% | +3,989 4% | +4,589 4% |
| Maryland | $66,193 | $86,801 | $105,431 | $118,599 | $127,599 | $136,599 | +470 1% | +738 1% | +7,279 7% | +305 0% | +905 1% | +1,505 1% |
| Massachusetts | $66,492 | $83,326 | $104,552 | $130,695 | $139,695 | $148,695 | +3,832 6% | +3,146 4% | +5,794 6% | +6,831 6% | +7,431 6% | +8,031 6% |
| Michigan | $51,405 | $62,618 | $75,051 | $92,742 | $101,742 | $110,742 | +1,743 4% | +1,809 3% | +2,968 4% | +3,817 4% | +4,417 5% | +5,017 5% |
| Minnesota | $58,443 | $76,398 | $94,312 | $111,878 | $120,878 | $129,878 | +3,830 7% | +2,115 3% | +6,501 7% | +3,976 4% | +4,576 4% | +5,176 4% |
| Mississippi | $42,183 | $52,837 | $56,566 | $66,729 | $75,729 | $84,729 | +2,116 5% | +2,864 6% | +1,951 4% | +2,832 4% | +3,432 5% | +4,032 5% |
| Missouri | $48,276 | $61,310 | $72,980 | $85,651 | $94,651 | $103,651 | +1,788 4% | +2,514 4% | +2,891 4% | +2,471 3% | +3,071 3% | +3,671 4% |
| Montana | $51,898 | $63,251 | $71,427 | $94,909 | $103,909 | $112,909 | +2,661 5% | +1,267 2% | -2,048 -3% | +10,692 13% | +11,292 12% | +11,892 12% |
| Nebraska | $50,061 | $70,061 | $76,687 | $93,362 | $102,362 | $111,362 | +3,248 7% | +1,087 2% | -1,594 -2% | +5,647 6% | +6,247 6% | +6,847 7% |
| Nevada | $53,046 | $63,330 | $69,239 | $84,997 | $93,997 | $102,997 | +3,876 8% | +1,126 2% | +2,138 3% | +7,600 10% | +8,200 10% | +8,800 9% |
| New Hampshire | $65,459 | $77,719 | $97,970 | $116,775 | $125,775 | $134,775 | +928 1% | +1,863 2% | +5,707 6% | +849 1% | +1,449 1% | +2,049 2% |
| New Jersey | $68,349 | $82,263 | $103,634 | $125,465 | $134,465 | $143,465 | +2,065 3% | +1,209 1% | +5,460 6% | +4,239 3% | +4,839 4% | +5,439 4% |
| New Mexico | $46,250 | $56,124 | $59,726 | $69,583 | $78,583 | $87,583 | +3,345 8% | -1,577 -3% | +2,025 4% | +5,742 9% | +6,342 9% | +6,942 9% |
| New York | $55,333 | $71,343 | $83,887 | $102,384 | $111,384 | $120,384 | +2,201 4% | +3,256 5% | +3,047 4% | +3,801 4% | +4,401 4% | +5,001 4% |
| North Carolina | $48,629 | $61,882 | $68,853 | $85,021 | $94,021 | $103,021 | +2,191 5% | +3,931 7% | +2,492 4% | +7,012 9% | +7,612 9% | +8,212 9% |
| North Dakota | $56,624 | $74,167 | $93,113 | $104,903 | $113,903 | $122,903 | +4,924 10% | +526 1% | +12,840 16% | +6,967 7% | +7,567 7% | +8,167 7% |
| Ohio | $49,624 | $62,308 | $74,969 | $89,454 | $98,454 | $107,454 | +1,028 2% | +1,474 2% | +4,440 6% | +4,160 5% | +4,760 5% | +5,360 5% |
| Oklahoma | $46,756 | $59,133 | $63,417 | $74,341 | $83,341 | $92,341 | +587 1% | +707 1% | -1,560 -2% | +2,703 4% | +3,303 4% | +3,903 4% |
| Oregon | $56,595 | $68,375 | $76,732 | $90,600 | $99,600 | $108,600 | +3,094 6% | +3,185 5% | +129 0% | +268 0% | +868 1% | +1,468 1% |
| Pennsylvania | $55,117 | $66,649 | $82,518 | $100,078 | $109,078 | $118,078 | +2,050 4% | +2,962 5% | +3,565 5% | +6,433 7% | +7,033 7% | +7,633 7% |
| Rhode Island | $55,954 | $77,030 | $84,198 | $103,813 | $112,813 | $121,813 | +4,274 8% | +7,940 11% | +1,974 2% | -3,880 -4% | -3,280 -3% | -2,680 -2% |
| South Carolina | $46,710 | $59,822 | $64,106 | $77,494 | $86,494 | $95,494 | +970 2% | +1,474 3% | +2,633 4% | -70 0% | +530 1% | +1,130 1% |
| South Dakota | $48,618 | $67,373 | $80,746 | $88,743 | $97,743 | $106,743 | +2,668 6% | +3,047 5% | +5,182 7% | +449 1% | +1,049 1% | +1,649 2% |
| Tennessee | $47,214 | $58,254 | $67,870 | $79,147 | $88,147 | $97,147 | +1,372 3% | +2,495 4% | +4,005 6% | +3,975 5% | +4,575 5% | +5,175 6% |
| Texas | $50,144 | $65,429 | $72,271 | $83,960 | $92,960 | $101,960 | +2,906 6% | +2,281 4% | +2,977 4% | +5,388 7% | +5,988 7% | +6,588 7% |
| Utah | $62,535 | $68,269 | $78,581 | $88,835 | $97,835 | $106,835 | +3,533 6% | +3,437 5% | +2,515 3% | +5,298 6% | +5,898 6% | +6,498 6% |
| Vermont | $51,596 | $70,848 | $79,734 | $88,423 | $97,423 | $106,423 | -1,935 -4% | +3,331 5% | -1,342 -2% | -3,144 -3% | -2,544 -3% | -1,944 -2% |
| Virginia | $61,864 | $77,904 | $91,781 | $105,261 | $114,261 | $123,261 | +1,853 3% | +3,605 5% | +4,772 5% | +1,712 2% | +2,312 2% | +2,912 2% |
| Washington | $64,079 | $78,357 | $87,736 | $107,640 | $116,640 | $125,640 | +703 1% | +3,345 4% | +1,106 1% | +5,222 5% | +5,822 5% | +6,422 5% |
| West Virginia | $48,608 | $51,683 | $61,715 | $75,128 | $84,128 | $93,128 | +2,804 6% | -350 -1% | +19 0% | +811 1% | +1,411 2% | +2,011 2% |
| Wisconsin | $52,295 | $67,872 | $81,447 | $99,341 | $108,341 | $117,341 | +2,740 6% | +2,775 4% | +3,442 4% | +3,849 4% | +4,449 4% | +5,049 4% |
| Wyoming | $58,700 | $69,957 | $81,231 | $91,714 | $100,714 | $109,714 | +1,680 3% | -36 0% | +8,853 12% | -479 -1% | +121 0% | +721 1% |
| AVERAGE 50+DC | $54,237 | $68,701 | $79,084 | $93,442 | $102,442 | $111,442 | +2,307 4% | +2,280 3% | +3,108 4% | +3,357 4% | +3,957 4% | +4,557 4% |
| Guam | $42,009 | $50,229 | $57,238 | $69,265 | $78,265 | $87,265 | +1,002 2% | +1,198 2% | +1,365 2% | +1,651 2% | +2,251 3% | +2,851 3% |
| Northern Mariana Isl | $28,211 | $28,211 | $32,821 | $48,273 | $57,273 | $66,273 | +673 2% | +673 2% | +783 2% | +1,151 2% | +1,751 3% | +2,351 4% |
| Puerto Rico | $24,349 | $24,349 | $25,809 | $31,923 | $40,923 | $49,923 | -106 0% | -106 0% | +1,254 5% | -1,104 -3% | -504 -1% | +96 0% |
| Virgin Islands | $33,331 | $40,059 | $42,712 | $46,794 | $55,794 | $64,794 | +795 2% | +955 2% | +1,018 2% | +1,116 2% | +1,716 3% | +2,316 4% |
| AVERAGE TT | $31,975 | $35,712 | $39,645 | $49,064 | $58,064 | $67,064 | +591 2% | +680 2% | +1,105 3% | +704 1% | +1,304 2% | +1,904 3% |
| Additional Person | $9,000 | | +600 7% | |
Analysis of Increase in Income for Each Additional Person in the Household for 04/01/2019
| Median Income 04/01/2019 | Income Increase per Person |
|---|
| State | 1 Person | 2 People | 3 People | 4 People | 5 People | 6 People | 2 People | 3 People | 4 People | 5 People | 6 People |
|---|
| Alabama | $47,657 | $57,109 | $63,940 | $78,456 | $87,456 | $96,456 | +9,452 20% | +6,831 12% | +14,516 23% | +9,000 11% | +9,000 10% |
| Alaska | $63,042 | $82,440 | $83,416 | $99,846 | $108,846 | $117,846 | +19,398 31% | +976 1% | +16,430 20% | +9,000 9% | +9,000 8% |
| Arizona | $52,334 | $65,254 | $70,976 | $80,956 | $89,956 | $98,956 | +12,920 25% | +5,722 9% | +9,980 14% | +9,000 11% | +9,000 10% |
| Arkansas | $43,585 | $53,906 | $60,370 | $68,341 | $77,341 | $86,341 | +10,321 24% | +6,464 12% | +7,971 13% | +9,000 13% | +9,000 12% |
| California | $57,962 | $77,167 | $84,003 | $96,813 | $105,813 | $114,813 | +19,205 33% | +6,836 9% | +12,810 15% | +9,000 9% | +9,000 9% |
| Colorado | $62,495 | $79,661 | $87,325 | $104,730 | $113,730 | $122,730 | +17,166 27% | +7,664 10% | +17,405 20% | +9,000 9% | +9,000 8% |
| Connecticut | $65,117 | $83,597 | $100,836 | $116,897 | $125,897 | $134,897 | +18,480 28% | +17,239 21% | +16,061 16% | +9,000 8% | +9,000 7% |
| Delaware | $57,465 | $71,409 | $83,531 | $99,922 | $108,922 | $117,922 | +13,944 24% | +12,122 17% | +16,391 20% | +9,000 9% | +9,000 8% |
| District of Columbia | $65,895 | $113,283 | $113,283 | $132,289 | $141,289 | $150,289 | +47,388 72% | 0 0% | +19,006 17% | +9,000 7% | +9,000 6% |
| Florida | $49,172 | $60,400 | $66,872 | $78,833 | $87,833 | $96,833 | +11,228 23% | +6,472 11% | +11,961 18% | +9,000 11% | +9,000 10% |
| Georgia | $47,953 | $63,303 | $72,594 | $82,476 | $91,476 | $100,476 | +15,350 32% | +9,291 15% | +9,882 14% | +9,000 11% | +9,000 10% |
| Hawaii | $69,962 | $79,403 | $95,292 | $104,619 | $113,619 | $122,619 | +9,441 13% | +15,889 20% | +9,327 10% | +9,000 9% | +9,000 8% |
| Idaho | $49,856 | $61,092 | $66,187 | $74,149 | $83,149 | $92,149 | +11,236 23% | +5,095 8% | +7,962 12% | +9,000 12% | +9,000 11% |
| Illinois | $54,238 | $71,578 | $83,182 | $98,603 | $107,603 | $116,603 | +17,340 32% | +11,604 16% | +15,421 19% | +9,000 9% | +9,000 8% |
| Indiana | $49,421 | $61,929 | $72,826 | $87,453 | $96,453 | $105,453 | +12,508 25% | +10,897 18% | +14,627 20% | +9,000 10% | +9,000 9% |
| Iowa | $50,819 | $68,396 | $77,604 | $94,385 | $103,385 | $112,385 | +17,577 35% | +9,208 13% | +16,781 22% | +9,000 10% | +9,000 9% |
| Kansas | $50,416 | $66,443 | $75,902 | $85,144 | $94,144 | $103,144 | +16,027 32% | +9,459 14% | +9,242 12% | +9,000 11% | +9,000 10% |
| Kentucky | $45,640 | $54,835 | $66,154 | $78,951 | $87,951 | $96,951 | +9,195 20% | +11,319 21% | +12,797 19% | +9,000 11% | +9,000 10% |
| Louisiana | $45,045 | $54,047 | $64,002 | $78,489 | $87,489 | $96,489 | +9,002 20% | +9,955 18% | +14,487 23% | +9,000 11% | +9,000 10% |
| Maine | $52,939 | $65,800 | $82,520 | $96,516 | $105,516 | $114,516 | +12,861 24% | +16,720 25% | +13,996 17% | +9,000 9% | +9,000 9% |
| Maryland | $66,193 | $86,801 | $105,431 | $118,599 | $127,599 | $136,599 | +20,608 31% | +18,630 21% | +13,168 12% | +9,000 8% | +9,000 7% |
| Massachusetts | $66,492 | $83,326 | $104,552 | $130,695 | $139,695 | $148,695 | +16,834 25% | +21,226 25% | +26,143 25% | +9,000 7% | +9,000 6% |
| Michigan | $51,405 | $62,618 | $75,051 | $92,742 | $101,742 | $110,742 | +11,213 22% | +12,433 20% | +17,691 24% | +9,000 10% | +9,000 9% |
| Minnesota | $58,443 | $76,398 | $94,312 | $111,878 | $120,878 | $129,878 | +17,955 31% | +17,914 23% | +17,566 19% | +9,000 8% | +9,000 7% |
| Mississippi | $42,183 | $52,837 | $56,566 | $66,729 | $75,729 | $84,729 | +10,654 25% | +3,729 7% | +10,163 18% | +9,000 13% | +9,000 12% |
| Missouri | $48,276 | $61,310 | $72,980 | $85,651 | $94,651 | $103,651 | +13,034 27% | +11,670 19% | +12,671 17% | +9,000 11% | +9,000 10% |
| Montana | $51,898 | $63,251 | $71,427 | $94,909 | $103,909 | $112,909 | +11,353 22% | +8,176 13% | +23,482 33% | +9,000 9% | +9,000 9% |
| Nebraska | $50,061 | $70,061 | $76,687 | $93,362 | $102,362 | $111,362 | +20,000 40% | +6,626 9% | +16,675 22% | +9,000 10% | +9,000 9% |
| Nevada | $53,046 | $63,330 | $69,239 | $84,997 | $93,997 | $102,997 | +10,284 19% | +5,909 9% | +15,758 23% | +9,000 11% | +9,000 10% |
| New Hampshire | $65,459 | $77,719 | $97,970 | $116,775 | $125,775 | $134,775 | +12,260 19% | +20,251 26% | +18,805 19% | +9,000 8% | +9,000 7% |
| New Jersey | $68,349 | $82,263 | $103,634 | $125,465 | $134,465 | $143,465 | +13,914 20% | +21,371 26% | +21,831 21% | +9,000 7% | +9,000 7% |
| New Mexico | $46,250 | $56,124 | $59,726 | $69,583 | $78,583 | $87,583 | +9,874 21% | +3,602 6% | +9,857 17% | +9,000 13% | +9,000 11% |
| New York | $55,333 | $71,343 | $83,887 | $102,384 | $111,384 | $120,384 | +16,010 29% | +12,544 18% | +18,497 22% | +9,000 9% | +9,000 8% |
| North Carolina | $48,629 | $61,882 | $68,853 | $85,021 | $94,021 | $103,021 | +13,253 27% | +6,971 11% | +16,168 23% | +9,000 11% | +9,000 10% |
| North Dakota | $56,624 | $74,167 | $93,113 | $104,903 | $113,903 | $122,903 | +17,543 31% | +18,946 26% | +11,790 13% | +9,000 9% | +9,000 8% |
| Ohio | $49,624 | $62,308 | $74,969 | $89,454 | $98,454 | $107,454 | +12,684 26% | +12,661 20% | +14,485 19% | +9,000 10% | +9,000 9% |
| Oklahoma | $46,756 | $59,133 | $63,417 | $74,341 | $83,341 | $92,341 | +12,377 26% | +4,284 7% | +10,924 17% | +9,000 12% | +9,000 11% |
| Oregon | $56,595 | $68,375 | $76,732 | $90,600 | $99,600 | $108,600 | +11,780 21% | +8,357 12% | +13,868 18% | +9,000 10% | +9,000 9% |
| Pennsylvania | $55,117 | $66,649 | $82,518 | $100,078 | $109,078 | $118,078 | +11,532 21% | +15,869 24% | +17,560 21% | +9,000 9% | +9,000 8% |
| Rhode Island | $55,954 | $77,030 | $84,198 | $103,813 | $112,813 | $121,813 | +21,076 38% | +7,168 9% | +19,615 23% | +9,000 9% | +9,000 8% |
| South Carolina | $46,710 | $59,822 | $64,106 | $77,494 | $86,494 | $95,494 | +13,112 28% | +4,284 7% | +13,388 21% | +9,000 12% | +9,000 10% |
| South Dakota | $48,618 | $67,373 | $80,746 | $88,743 | $97,743 | $106,743 | +18,755 39% | +13,373 20% | +7,997 10% | +9,000 10% | +9,000 9% |
| Tennessee | $47,214 | $58,254 | $67,870 | $79,147 | $88,147 | $97,147 | +11,040 23% | +9,616 17% | +11,277 17% | +9,000 11% | +9,000 10% |
| Texas | $50,144 | $65,429 | $72,271 | $83,960 | $92,960 | $101,960 | +15,285 30% | +6,842 10% | +11,689 16% | +9,000 11% | +9,000 10% |
| Utah | $62,535 | $68,269 | $78,581 | $88,835 | $97,835 | $106,835 | +5,734 9% | +10,312 15% | +10,254 13% | +9,000 10% | +9,000 9% |
| Vermont | $51,596 | $70,848 | $79,734 | $88,423 | $97,423 | $106,423 | +19,252 37% | +8,886 13% | +8,689 11% | +9,000 10% | +9,000 9% |
| Virginia | $61,864 | $77,904 | $91,781 | $105,261 | $114,261 | $123,261 | +16,040 26% | +13,877 18% | +13,480 15% | +9,000 9% | +9,000 8% |
| Washington | $64,079 | $78,357 | $87,736 | $107,640 | $116,640 | $125,640 | +14,278 22% | +9,379 12% | +19,904 23% | +9,000 8% | +9,000 8% |
| West Virginia | $48,608 | $51,683 | $61,715 | $75,128 | $84,128 | $93,128 | +3,075 6% | +10,032 19% | +13,413 22% | +9,000 12% | +9,000 11% |
| Wisconsin | $52,295 | $67,872 | $81,447 | $99,341 | $108,341 | $117,341 | +15,577 30% | +13,575 20% | +17,894 22% | +9,000 9% | +9,000 8% |
| Wyoming | $58,700 | $69,957 | $81,231 | $91,714 | $100,714 | $109,714 | +11,257 19% | +11,274 16% | +10,483 13% | +9,000 10% | +9,000 9% |
| AVERAGE 50+DC | $54,237 | $68,701 | $79,084 | $93,442 | $102,442 | $111,442 | +14,464 27% | +10,383 15% | +14,358 18% | +9,000 10% | +9,000 9% |
| Guam | $42,009 | $50,229 | $57,238 | $69,265 | $78,265 | $87,265 | +8,220 20% | +7,009 14% | +12,027 21% | +9,000 13% | +9,000 11% |
| Northern Mariana Isl | $28,211 | $28,211 | $32,821 | $48,273 | $57,273 | $66,273 | 0 0% | +4,610 16% | +15,452 47% | +9,000 19% | +9,000 16% |
| Puerto Rico | $24,349 | $24,349 | $25,809 | $31,923 | $40,923 | $49,923 | 0 0% | +1,460 6% | +6,114 24% | +9,000 28% | +9,000 22% |
| Virgin Islands | $33,331 | $40,059 | $42,712 | $46,794 | $55,794 | $64,794 | +6,728 20% | +2,653 7% | +4,082 10% | +9,000 19% | +9,000 16% |
| AVERAGE TT | $31,975 | $35,712 | $39,645 | $49,064 | $58,064 | $67,064 | +3,737 12% | +3,933 11% | +9,419 24% | +9,000 18% | +9,000 16% |
(c) Copyright 2019 Best Case, LLC. Not for use preparing cases.